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Amazon Linux 2 Terminal Cheatsheet Amazon Linux 2 Terminal Cheatsheet

Karandeep Singh

Jul 23, 2022 • 6 minutes

Summary

Working notes for Amazon Linux 2 on EC2. Covers yum and amazon-linux-extras, SSM access, instance metadata, cloud-init, and security updates.

A lot of my EC2 fleet still runs Amazon Linux 2, and it has just enough quirks (amazon-linux-extras, IMDSv2, SSM instead of SSH) that muscle memory from Ubuntu doesn’t fully transfer. This is my working reference for AL2 boxes. If you’re coming from Debian-land, my Ubuntu Terminal Cheatsheet is the apt-side mirror of this page.

yum - Package Management

Docs: Amazon Linux basics in the EC2 User Guide

sudo yum update -y                   # update everything
sudo yum check-update                # what would update (exit 100 = updates exist)
sudo yum install -y htop             # install
sudo yum install -y https://example.com/pkg.rpm   # install from URL
sudo yum remove htop                 # remove
yum search nginx                     # search names/summaries
yum info docker                      # version, repo, description
yum list installed | grep kernel     # installed packages
sudo yum history                     # transaction history
sudo yum history undo 12             # roll back a transaction
sudo yum clean all                   # clear caches
repoquery -l htop                    # files a package installs (yum-utils)

Repo management with yum-config-manager (from yum-utils):

sudo yum install -y yum-utils
yum repolist                                 # enabled repos
sudo yum-config-manager --enable epel
sudo yum-config-manager --disable epel
sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo https://repo.example.com/example.repo

Security-only patching:

sudo yum update --security -y        # only security-flagged updates
yum updateinfo list security         # list pending security advisories
yum updateinfo info ALAS2-2026-1234  # details on one advisory

amazon-linux-extras

Docs: Amazon Linux basics in the EC2 User Guide

AL2’s mechanism for newer software than core repos carry:

amazon-linux-extras list                     # topics and enabled state
sudo amazon-linux-extras enable docker       # enable a topic
sudo amazon-linux-extras install -y docker   # enable + install in one step
sudo amazon-linux-extras install -y epel     # EPEL, the sanctioned way on AL2
sudo amazon-linux-extras install -y nginx1 postgresql14

Common topics: docker, epel, nginx1, postgresql14, redis6, java-openjdk11, python3.8, kernel-5.10.

# the usual docker-on-AL2 sequence
sudo amazon-linux-extras install -y docker
sudo systemctl enable --now docker
sudo usermod -aG docker ec2-user        # then re-login

systemd - Services

Docs: systemctl(1) on man7.org

AL2 is systemd-based, so this is the same as any modern distro:

systemctl status amazon-ssm-agent
sudo systemctl restart docker
sudo systemctl enable --now nginx        # start now and on boot
systemctl list-units --type=service --state=failed
journalctl -u docker -f                  # follow a unit's logs
journalctl -u cloud-init --no-pager
sudo systemctl daemon-reload             # after editing unit files

Note: on AL2 much of syslog still lands in /var/log/messages (not /var/log/syslog as on Ubuntu).

SSM Session Manager vs SSH

Docs: Session Manager in the AWS Systems Manager User Guide

I default to SSM: no open port 22, no key distribution, everything audited in CloudTrail.

# from your workstation (needs session-manager-plugin + instance profile with SSM policy)
aws ssm start-session --target i-0abc123def456

# port-forward through SSM (e.g. reach an RDS via the instance)
aws ssm start-session --target i-0abc123def456 \
  --document-name AWS-StartPortForwardingSessionToRemoteHost \
  --parameters '{"host":["db.internal"],"portNumber":["5432"],"localPortNumber":["15432"]}'

# on the instance: check the agent
sudo systemctl status amazon-ssm-agent

Requirements: the amazon-ssm-agent (preinstalled on AL2 AMIs), an instance profile with AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore, and outbound HTTPS to SSM endpoints. Classic SSH still works when you need it:

ssh -i key.pem ec2-user@<public-ip>

ec2-user & sudo

Docs: Amazon Linux basics in the EC2 User Guide

The default user is ec2-user, with passwordless sudo baked in via /etc/sudoers.d/90-cloud-init-users:

sudo -i                              # root shell
sudo visudo -f /etc/sudoers.d/deploy # add rules safely, syntax-checked
sudo adduser deploy                  # note: adduser is a useradd alias here,
sudo passwd deploy                   #   not Ubuntu's interactive wrapper
sudo usermod -aG wheel deploy        # wheel = the sudo group on AL2 (not "sudo")

Instance Metadata (IMDSv2)

Docs: Instance metadata and user data in the EC2 User Guide

Always use IMDSv2. It’s session-token based, and many hardened AMIs disable IMDSv1 entirely:

TOKEN=$(curl -sX PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" \
  -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600")

curl -sH "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/instance-id
curl -sH "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/placement/availability-zone
curl -sH "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/local-ipv4
curl -sH "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/
curl -sH "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/tags/instance/Name  # if tag access enabled

For anything beyond a quick lookup, script against AWS from the instance with the SDK; the instance role’s credentials are picked up automatically. See my Python Boto3 Cheatsheet for the patterns.

cloud-init - Debugging User Data

Docs: cloud-init documentation

When an instance doesn’t come up configured, this is where to look:

sudo cat /var/log/cloud-init-output.log   # stdout/stderr of your user-data script
sudo less /var/log/cloud-init.log         # cloud-init's own detailed log
cloud-init status --long                  # done / running / error
sudo cat /var/lib/cloud/instance/user-data.txt   # what user data actually ran
sudo cloud-init clean --logs && sudo reboot      # force user data to re-run (testing)

CloudWatch Agent Basics

Docs: Install the CloudWatch agent in the CloudWatch User Guide
Gain comprehensive insights from Low-Cost Cloud Stack Cheatsheet

sudo yum install -y amazon-cloudwatch-agent
# interactive config wizard → writes JSON config
sudo /opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/bin/amazon-cloudwatch-agent-config-wizard

# start with a local config file
sudo /opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/bin/amazon-cloudwatch-agent-ctl \
  -a fetch-config -m ec2 -s \
  -c file:/opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/etc/amazon-cloudwatch-agent.json

# or pull config from SSM Parameter Store (the fleet-friendly way)
sudo /opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/bin/amazon-cloudwatch-agent-ctl \
  -a fetch-config -m ec2 -s -c ssm:AmazonCloudWatch-linux

/opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/bin/amazon-cloudwatch-agent-ctl -a status
sudo tail -f /opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/logs/amazon-cloudwatch-agent.log

Timezone & Locale

Docs: timedatectl(1) on man7.org
Master this concept through Python Basics & CLI Cheatsheet

timedatectl                                   # current time, TZ, NTP sync (chrony)
sudo timedatectl set-timezone America/Edmonton
timedatectl list-timezones | grep -i edmonton
localectl status
sudo localectl set-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8
chronyc tracking                              # NTP sync details (Amazon Time Sync)

AL2 vs AL2023

Docs: Comparing AL2 and AL2023 in the Amazon Linux 2023 User Guide
Delve into specifics at AWS CloudFormation Cheatsheet

note

Amazon Linux 2023 replaces yum with dnf (mostly flag-compatible) and drops amazon-linux-extras entirely; packages live in the main repos. It also uses deterministic upgrades (versioned repositories) instead of continuous updates, and there is no EPEL for AL2023. AL2 hits end-of-life June 2026, so new builds should target AL2023; on it, read yum as dnf throughout this sheet.

Common Paths

Path	What lives there
`/etc/yum.repos.d/`	yum repo definitions
`/etc/system-release`	AL2 version string
`/var/log/cloud-init-output.log`	User-data script output
`/var/log/cloud-init.log`	cloud-init detailed log
`/var/lib/cloud/instance/`	Current instance’s cloud-init state
`/var/log/messages`	General syslog (Ubuntu’s `/var/log/syslog` equivalent)
`/var/log/secure`	Auth log (Ubuntu’s `/var/log/auth.log` equivalent)
`/var/log/amazon/ssm/`	SSM agent logs
`/opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/`	CloudWatch agent binaries, config, logs
`/etc/sudoers.d/90-cloud-init-users`	ec2-user’s passwordless sudo grant
`/home/ec2-user/.ssh/authorized_keys`	Key pair injected at launch

Quick Reference

Task	Command
Patch security only	`sudo yum update --security -y`
Enable Docker	`sudo amazon-linux-extras install -y docker`
Shell in without SSH	`aws ssm start-session --target i-...`
Instance ID	IMDSv2 token curl (see above)
Debug user data	`sudo cat /var/log/cloud-init-output.log`
AL2 version	`cat /etc/system-release`

Ubuntu Terminal: the apt/Debian side, with netplan, ufw, unattended upgrades, and do-release-upgrade
Ansible: inventories, modules, and playbooks, so you stop configuring instances by hand
tmux: persistent sessions for long yum updates and SSM/SSH work that has to survive a disconnect

There’s more in the Terminal group, and the whole cheatsheet library if you want to browse.

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yum - Package Management

amazon-linux-extras

systemd - Services

SSM Session Manager vs SSH

ec2-user & sudo

Instance Metadata (IMDSv2)

cloud-init - Debugging User Data

CloudWatch Agent Basics

Timezone & Locale

AL2 vs AL2023

Common Paths

Quick Reference

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